Jamaican Family Search Genealogy Research Library

A LIST OF LANDHOLDERS IN THE ISLAND OF JAMAICA


Together with the number of acres each person possessed taken from
THE QUIT RENT BOOKS IN THE YEAR 1754

LANDHOLDERS' NAMES, Parish, Number of acres owned

R

Randall, Stephen, St. David 380

Ramalho, Isaac, St. Catherine 300, St. John 100, Tot 400

Reid, William, St. Ann 159, St. James 2560, Tot 2719

Reid, John, St. Thomas in the East 1720, St. James 150, St. Elizabeth 600

Rickets, George, Westmoreland 3890

Rowe, James, St. Elizabeth 2709

Rowe, John James, St. Elizabeth 200

Robinson, David, Vere 86

Remeke, David, St. John 100

Ram, Henry, St. Andrew 1150

Reynolds, Mary, St. Thomas in the East 16

Ross, John, Clarendon 115, Vere 300, St. Dorothy 712, Tot 1127

Ross, Thomas a minor, Vere 20

Ross, Thomas Senr., St. Thomas in the East 300

Ross, Thomas Junr., St. Thomas in the East 100

Reynolds, Thomas, St. Catherine 50, St. Andrew 647, St. James 500, Tot 1197

Reading, Edward, Clarendon 457

Ramage, James, St. Catherine 406, St. Andrew 1100, St. Thomas in the East 810, Tot 2316

Ragg, Richard, St. Catherine 438, St. Thomas in the Vale 565, Tot 1003

Russell, John, St. Mary 200, St. Thomas in the Vale 210, Tot 410

Reid, Mary, St. Thomas in the Vale 500

Rodon, Pennant, Clarendon 825

Rodon, Gifford, Clarendon 900

Rodon, Henry, Clarendon 852

Rodon, John, Clarendon 940, Vere 198, Tot 1138

Rodon, Tabitha, St. Elizabeth 600, Vere 190,  Tot 790

Redwood, Philip, St. Catherine 186, St. Mary 150, St. John 156, St. Thomas in the Vale 1050, Tot 1542

Ruggles, Mark, St. Andrew 40

Rivers, Michael, St. Thomas in the Vale 528

Rose, William, St. Ann 250

Rushton, Eleanor, St. Catherine 198

Rodon, James (1), Clarendon 1360

Ricketts, Jacob, St. Elizabeth 600

Ricketts, William, Westmoreland 2100

Ricketts, John, Westmoreland 1787

Reid, Adrian, St. Ann 200

Rigby, Francis, Port Royal 10, St. John 266, St. Thomas in the Vale 910, Tot 1186

Rusea, John, Hanover 589, Westmoreland 1800, Tot 2389

Reid, Richard, St. Catherine 244, St. Thomas in the Vale 242, Tot 486

Richards, Elizabeth, St. Andrew 24

Ripley, John, St. Andrew 695

Rogerman, Thomas, St. John 66

Robbs, John estate of, St. Dorothy 3

Roycroft, Dorothy, St. Andrew 4

Revere, Eleanor, St. Ann 120

Rodon, James (2), Clarendon 922, St. Dorothy 107, Tot 1029

Rodon, Thomas, St. Elizabeth 2149, St. Dorothy 1137, Tot 3286

Richardson, Hannah, St. James 30

Ramsay, John, St. Mary 400

Rutherford, Robert, Westmoreland 4338

Rudd, St. Leger, Westmoreland 338

Reid, Ennis, St. Ann 300, Clarendon 100, Vere 1259, Tot 1659

Rule, James, Clarendon 1060, St. Dorothy 72, Tot 1132

Ross, James, St. James 604, Hanover 2605, Tot 3209

Ross, Arthur, St. James 1546, Hanover 500, Tot 2046

Robinson, George, St. James 407

Ryley, John, St. James 350

Raxstead, George, St. Elizabeth 4669

Reyley, Jeremiah, Hanover 430

Roberts, Thomas, Clarendon 260, Vere 556, Tot 816

Redwood, Stephen Richard, St. Catherine 186, St. Mary 150, St. John 156, St. Thomas in the Vale 1050, Tot 1542

Reynolds, William, St. Andrew 208

Reynolds, Joseph a minor, St. Thomas in the Vale 220

Rowe, John, St. Catherine 300

Russel, William deceased, St. Dorothy 558

Russel, William, St. James 300, Westmoreland 300, St. Elizabeth 300, Tot 900

Rigby, James estate of, St. Catherine 15, St. John 1300, St. Thomas in the Vale 1365, Tot 2680

Rigby, Elizabeth, St. Catherine 34

Rushton, Samuel the heirs of, St. Elizabeth 3216

Rushton, Benjamin, St. Elizabeth 900

Reid, John, St. James 1000

Rogerman, John a minor, St. Catherine 5, St. John 66, Tot 71

Roseaman, Francis, St. Thomas in the East 300

Richardson, Mary, Vere 35

Roseaman, William, St. Thomas in the East 100

Reader, Richard, St. Andrew 20, St. George 880, Tot 900

Reynolds, John, St. Andrew 415, St. Thomas in the Vale 136, Tot 551

Rochester, Dorothy, St. Elizabeth 39

Rochester, Nicholas, St. Elizabeth 37

Raynger, Jonathan, Vere 76

Rose, Henry, St. Mary 600

Rose, Matthew, St. Elizabeth 126

Riz, Moses and Aaron Lopes, St. Andrew 220

Riz, Daniel Lopes, St. George 300

Robinson, Hayle, St. James 260

Remeke, Andrew a minor, St. Thomas in the Vale 135

Reeves, John a minor, St. Thomas in the East 500, Portland 50, Tot 550

Radcliffe, Tristram, Clarendon 507, Vere 332, Tot 839

Rickets, George and Rains, Henry and Samuel Waite minors, Vere 94

Rogers, Elizabeth, St. John 44

Roukamp, Peter, St. John 8

Rothmell, William, St. Elizabeth 600

Redman, William, St. Andrew 36

Redley, Nicholas, St. James 110

Rose, John, St. Elizabeth 1105

Reid, Thomas, Clarendon 100, Vere 50, Tot 150

S

Spencer, John & William Gee, St. George 1020

Spencer, John, St. Catherine 318, St. Andrew 604, Vere 8, Tot 930

Swarten, Richard & Philip Pinnock,  St. Thomas in the East 985

Swymfeild, Mary, St. Andrew 58

Scarlett, James, St. James 450

Sutton, James, St. James 1

Swymner, Anthony Langly, St. Thomas in the East 4016, St. Elizabeth 900, Clarendon 3362, Tot 8278

Seagrove & Williams, St. Andrew 400, St. George 275, Tot 675

Seagrove, Samuel, St. Andrew, 1264, St. David 10, Tot 1274

Slatford, Peter estate of, Clarendon 842, St. Dorothy 198, St. John 150, Tot 1190

Stringer, Stephen, St. George 154

Smith, Thomas, St. George 75

Stretch, William, St. Thomas in the East 461

Silvera, Abraham, St. Andrew, 1007

Sutherland, James, St. Elizabeth 140

Smith and Farrel, Portland 954, St. George 712, St. Mary 600, Tot 2266

Stoddard, Richard, St. Catherine 1051

Seaward, Humphry, St. Andrew 18

Simmonds, Catharine, St. Catherine 40

Sayers, Robert, Clarendon 33, Vere 801, Tot 834

Smith, Mounson, Clarendon 486, Vere 218, Tot 704

Stoakes, Jacob, St. David 22, St. Thomas in the East 1127, Tot 1149

Shickle, John, St. Mary 160, Clarendon 2748, Vere 270, Tot 3178

Samuels, William,  St. James 158, Hanover 653, Tot 811

Smith, Francis guardian to Ashley Boswell  & Smith, minors, Clarendon 395, Vere 150, Tot 545

Smith, Francis, St. Elizabeth 200, Clarendon 84, Vere 255, Tot 539

Silver, Alexander, St. Thomas in the East 1400

Scott, John, St. Mary 130, St. Ann 182, Tot 312

Sneal, Josiah estate of, Portland 300, St. Ann 90, tot 390

Stevenson, William, St. James 943

Stringer, Mary a minor St. Andrew 35, St. Thomas in the East 18, Portland 432, St. George 165, Tot 650

Sparke, Francis, St. David 156

Stone, Theodore, Westmoreland 20

Stevens, Paul, Westmoreland 1537

Strudwick, Henry, St. George 105, St. Mary 1002, St. James 841, Tot 1948

Satten, Sarah, St. John 22

Scott, Thomas, St. Ann 212

Swigle, Thomas Nicholas, St. Elizabeth 300

Stainer, Thomas, St. Ann 55

Swarton, Martha, St. Catherine 492, St. Elizabeth 30, St. John 250, St. Thomas in the Vale 350, Tot 1122

Spooner and Cossley, St. David 1881

Schaw, James, St. James 600

Sinclair, John Hayle, St. Elizabeth 437

Sprosden, Joseph, St. David 500

Scott, Robert, Clarendon 620, Vere 1591, Tot 2211

Sandwell, Charles, Vere 30

Spencer, Robert estate of, St. James 385

Surgeon, John, St. Andrew 191, St. George 108, Tot 299

Sharpe, Gregory, St. James 120

Shettlewood, Henry, St. James 300, Westmoreland 2818, Tot 3118

Storer, Thomas, St. Catherine 75, St. Andrew 355, Westmoreland 1558, St. Elizabeth 63, Tot 2051

Storer, Joshua and Elizabeth, St. Mary 50

Shreyer, Godfrey, St. Mary 2844

Stevenson, Barbara, St. Andrew 284, Portland 800, Hanover 290, Tot 1374

Sutton, John Peeke, Portland 1000, Clarendon 340, Vere 10, Tot 1350

Sutton, Henry Lord and Thomas minor, Portland 150

Stanton, Robert, St. Andrew 268, Portland 400, St. George 528, Tot 1196

Spragge, Robert, St. Catherine 71, St. James 1671, Tot 1742

Slaughter, Cleyton, Port Royal 235

Silva, Isaac Gomez, St. James 1186

Silva, Joshua Gomez, St. James 300

Symes, Robert, St. Elizabeth 1304

Scott, Margaret, St. Ann, 40

Samms, John, St. James 430, St. John 1187, Tot 1617

Shoreditch, Robert estate of, St. Mary 885

Sharpe, Henry, St. Ann 35

Sandys, Edwin, St. Catherine 418

Spencer, Thomas, St. Thomas in the East 324

Stanton, Isaac, St. Thomas in the Vale 80

Shippen, Stephen, St. James 300

Smith, Daniel, Hanover 94

Spencer, Thomas, St. Catherine 68

Smith, Edward, St. Catherine 3, St. Elizabeth 300, St. John 690, Tot 993

Stewart, Dougald, St. Andrew 250

Snee, Peter, St. Mary 850

Stevenson, Enoch, Port Royal 88

Savery, George, St. James 405

Stoakes, Henry, St. Andrew 256, St. Mary 400, Tot 656

Stanbury, John, St. Thomas in the Vale 149

Serjeant, Peter, St. Elizabeth 76

Stirling, Robert, St. Thomas in the Vale 590

Stone, George estate of, St. Andrew 40

Scott, John, St. Ann 800, St. James 500, St. Elizabeth 300, Clarendon 4221, Tot 5821

Singer, Isaac, Hanover 300

Savery, John, St. James 520

Sinclair, Priscilla, St. Catherine 25, Vere 200, St. John 20, Tot 245

Senior, Christopher, Westmoreland 4036

Smith, Francis and Edward, Vere 155

Smith, William, St. Elizabeth 360

Smith, Catharine, St. Elizabeth 294

Savage, Edwin, St. Thomas in the Vale 200

Steel, Robert, St. David 835

Spencer, John, St. Catherine 385, St. John 520, St. Thomas in the Vale 227, Tot 1132

Seamar, John, St. Ann 10

Stockdell, James, St. Ann 1

Smeal, Charity, St. Ann 60

Smeal, Sarah, St. James 50

Shaw, Jonathan, St. Mary 500, Westmoreland 300, Tot 800

Singer, Richard, St. Mary 210, St. Ann 35, Tot 245

Steanor, Snowden, St. Thomas in the Vale 465

Saunders, William, St. Catherine 2576, St. James 230, St. John 758, St. Thomas in the Vale 146, Tot 3710

Shickle, John, St. Mary 160, Clarendon 1848, Vere 270, Tot 2278

Smith, Sarah, St. George 334

Smith, Cidippe, Clarendon 1141

Stanly, John, St. James 600

Smeal, Elizabeth, St. Ann 50

Smith, James, St. Elizabeth 600, Vere 30, Tot 630

Sinclair, John Hayle, Vere 1580

Shooter, John, Clarendon 44, St. Dorothy 18, Tot 62

Smith, Ann, Clarendon 25, Vere 150, Tot 175

Stone, Jane, St. James 1822

Smallwood, Henry, Clarendon 300, Vere 189, Tot 489

Sables, Elizabeth, St. Elizabeth 1100

Sandys, William, St. Catherine 40

Smith, Samuel, Clarendon 25

Stringer, Mary, St. Andrew 8

Stringer, Daniel, St. Andrew 206, St. Thomas in the East 37, Portland 565, St. George 630, Tot 1438

Stroud, Joseph, St. Andrew 500, St. Elizabeth 600, St. Dorothy 18, Tot 1118

Sutton, John, Clarendon 4232, Vere 229, Tot 4461

Sinclair, Peter,  Vere 300

Stewart, John, St. George 5860

T

Tharpe, William estate of, St. James 420, Hanover 450, Tot 870

Taylor, Patrick, St. Catherine 433, St. Thomas in the East 881, Tot 1314

Thompson, Richard, and George Bennet, St. Thomas in the East 2330

Torres, Isaac Lopes & Co., St. Andrew 102

Taaffe, Theobald, Clarendon 5706, St. Dorothy 650, Tot 6356

Tucker, Henry, St. Ann 1474

Timberlake, Emanuel, St. Andrew 349

Thorpe, John Junr., St. James 1610

Theobald, Henry, Clarendon 100

Trelawny, Edward, Portland 1000

Taylor, John, St. George 200, Clarendon 50, Vere 16, Tot 266

Town, John, St. James 976

Thomas, William, & Jarrett John Halsted, St. Thomas in the Vale 1230

Tharpe, Joseph, Hanover 100

Tharpe, John Senr., St. James 290, Hanover 210, Westmoreland 387, Tot 887

Truxton, Mary, St. Andrew 176

Tittle, Edward, St. Andrew 138

Thompson, James, Portland 170

Trower, Thomas, Portland 500, St. Ann 30, St. James 100, Tot 630

Trower, James, Portland 200

Taylor, William, & John Wilson, St. Ann 1069

Tracey, William, St. Ann 878

Tyrrell, James Usher, St. Mary 150

Tyrrell, William, St. Mary 250

Tomlinson, Thomas, Westmoreland 7, St. Elizabeth 500, Tot 507

Thompson, William, Portland 804

Taylor, Gertrude, Westmoreland 41

Templar, Thomas estate of, Vere 50

Tharpe, William, St. James 100

Thomas, Peter, St. Mary 247

Tracey, Daniel Senr., St. Ann 600

Thelwell, Lewis William and Simon, Westmoreland 109

Turner, William & John Ashley, Vere 146

Tucker, Henry, St. Ann 1474

Tucker, James, St. Mary 110

Tucker, William, St. Mary 110

Tyndall & Ashton, St. Ann 1845

Town, Mary, St. James 376

Trahern, Francis estate of, St. Catherine 172, St. John 366, St. Thomas in the Vale 10, Tot 548

Toppin, Miles deceased, Portland 220

Tolderby, John, St. John 500

Turner, Mary &  Ruth Gray, Vere 146

Thompson, John, St. John 66

Thomas, William, St. Thomas in the Vale 1360

Tracey, Richard, St. Ann 800

Torres, Isaac Lopes, Vere 96

Twogood, John, St. Dorothy 324

Taylor, William, St. Mary 23, St. Ann 684, Tot 707

Turner, Robert estate of, St. David 466

Townsend, Francis Ashley & Hunton Manning, Clarendon 200, Vere 122, Tot 322

Tracey, Daniel Junr., St. Ann 118

Thomas, Matthew, St. Thomas in the East 210

Truxton, Richard, St. Andrew 36

Thomas, John, Clarendon 580

Taylor, Isaac, St. James 200

Thomas, Morgan, St. Catherine 89

Turner, John William and George Hungerford, Vere 866

Tickle, Thomas estate of, Port Royal 310

U

Upton, Samuel, St. John 800

Umack & Taggart estate of, St. Thomas in the East 1286

Ulmer, Olive, St. Ann 100

V

Vallette, Peter, St. David 1138, St. Thomas in the East 1622, Tot 2760

Virgo, William, Hanover 173

Vallette, Augustus and Peter, St. David 300, Portland 300, Tot 600

Vanbrugh, David estate of, St. Andrew 900

Vanhorn, John estate of, St. Andrew 841

Vassall, Lewis estate of, St. Elizabeth 810

Vassall, Florentus, St. James 2700, Westmoreland 3714, St. Elizabeth 1943, Tot 8357

Vodry, George, St. Catherine 53, St. Mary 325, St. John 233, St. Thomas in the Vale 300, Tot 911

Vassall, William, Hanover 963

Vinck, William, St. Thomas in the East 470

Vassall, John, St. Elizabeth 2181

Vallette, Messrs. & Campbell, St. Thomas in the East 468

Vizard, Henry, Vere 97

W

Wright, John, St. Mary 700

Wilton, George, St. James 338

Wilton, Henry Senr., St. James 882, Vere 11, Tot 893

Wilton, Henry Junr., St. James 336

Walker, George, St. Elizabeth 30, Vere 219, Tot 249

Wiser, Mary, St. Andrew 7

Willis, John, St. Catherine 5, St. Andrew 165, St. Ann 600, Tot 770

Woodcock, James, Westmoreland 1148

Whitehorne, Samuel, St. Ann 2451

Wise, Thomas, St. Thomas in the East 60

White, Susanna, Vere 27

Williams, Samuel, St. George 1386, St. Mary 493, Westmoreland 1500, Tot 3379

Williams, Samuel & William Foster, St. John 1738

Willson, Elizabeth, St. John 20

Wyllis, Margaret, St. David 44, St. Elizabeth 270, Tot 314

Williams, William, St. Andrew 98

Williams, Sarah, St. Andrew 426

Williams, John, St. Andrew 1845, St. David 50, Tot 1895

Waite, Henry, St. James 352

Waite, Mary, St. Catherine 383

Witter, Norwood, St. James 2290, Westmoreland 3247, St. Elizabeth 1000, Tot 6537

Whitehorne & Kelly, St. Catherine 550, St. James 120, St. Thomas in the Vale 1162, Tot 1832

Wyllis & Hall, St. Thomas in the East 1300

Watkins, William, Vere 54

Walters, Catharine, Clarendon 300

Walters, Edmund estate of, St. Dorothy 27

Walter, William Ely, St. James 1416

Wallace, John, Hanover 300, Westmoreland 1530, Tot 1830

Woods, Alexander estate of, St. Ann 300, Clarendon 750, Tot 1050

Walter, John, St. Ann 1517

Walter, Robert & Gersham, St. Ann 720

Walter, Mary, St. Ann 600

Williams and Blagrove, St. Ann 2955

Whiting, Mary, St. Andrew 9

Williams, Thomas, Westmoreland 402

Wright, Mary, Vere 88

Wallen, John deceased, St. Catherine 600, St. Ann 1, St. Elizabeth 1850, St. Thomas in the Vale 365, Tot 2816

Wynter, William, St. Catherine 500, St. Mary 300, StDo8, St. Thomas in the Vale 520, Tot 1328

Worgan, Charles [is this Morgan?], St. Catherine 270

Wyllis, Benjamin, St. David 44, St. Elizabeth 270, Tot 314

Walker, William, St. Catherine 350

Williams, William, St. Ann 1343, St. James 1545, Tot 2888

Witter, James, Westmoreland 681

Williams, John, St. Mary 820, St. Thomas in the Vale 80, Tot 900

Wheeler, Thomas & Samuel, St. Catherine 270, St. Thomas in the East 1020, St. Thomas in the Vale 250, Tot 1540

Wilson and Polander, St. James 1279

Welsh, James heirs of, St. Thomas in the East 1285

Wood, George, St. Elizabeth 680

Wilson, John, St. Mary 50

Woolley, William, St. Thomas in the Vale 150

Wade, John, St. Andrew 32

Whidbe, John, St. George 60

West, Whitaker, St. Thomas in the East 200

Whitwicke, Francis, St. Dorothy 3036

Wright, Joseph, St. Elizabeth 550, Vere 27, Tot 577

Watson, Joseph, Clarendon 37

Wren, James, Hanover 150

Willikins, Cornelius estate of, St. Dorothy 1325, St. John 125, Tot 1450

Weemy's, John, St. James 300, St. Elizabeth 600, Tot 900

Wallis, Simeon, Vere 20

Wood, Alexander, St. Elizabeth 300

Watson, James, St. Thomas in the Vale 847

Williams, Lewis, Westmoreland 1460, St. Elizabeth 720, Tot 2180

White, George, St. David 300

Wright, Barzilla, Westmoreland 75

Wheatle, Robert estate of, Westmoreland 2100

Wright, James Cooper, St. Elizabeth 776

Wilcox, James, St. Andrew 500

Wilkins, Martin, St. Andrew 480, St. Dorothy 543, Tot 1023

Wilson, Richard, Westmoreland 631

Williams, George, Westmoreland 394

White, Hugh deceased. St. James 900, Hanover 1565, Tot 2465

Woollery, John, Hanover 300, Westmoreland 1030, Tot 1330

Woollery, Robert, Westmoreland 169, St. Elizabeth 265, Tot 434

Wint, Thomas, Vere 752

Woodcock, John, St. Mary 1310

Wacomb, Mary, St. Andrew 7

Wallen, Thomas, St. Andrew 504, St. Elizabeth 3327, Clarendon 900, Tot 4731

Wright, Francis, Vere 26

Wall, Edward, St. Catherine 150

Willson, Edward a minor, St. Thomas in the East 600

White & Johnson, St. James 300

Webber, Elizabeth, Westmoreland 200

Willmot, Peter, St. Elizabeth 1270

Williams, Thomas Junr., St. James 1830

Walker, Alexander, Westmoreland 30, St. Elizabeth 412, Tot 442

Wright, Robert, St. Elizabeth 550, Clarendon 100, Vere 44, Tot 694

White, John, 24

White, Susannah, Vere 3

Woodhouse, Mary, St. George 1116

Winn, Richard, Westmoreland 2

Wilson, Edward, Clarendon 189

Williams, Joseph deceased, St. Ann 695, StJ163, Tot 858

Watkins, Joseph, Clarendon 120

Weir, John, St. Dorothy 20

White, Anthony, St. David 1787

Whitfinch, Robert, St. David 700, St. Thomas in the East 243, Tot 943

Walter, John deceased, St. Ann 1320

Wellin and James, St. Catherine 213

Wilcocks, John, St. Ann 300

Watt, John, Vere 1

Wilson, Alexander, Portland 200

Williams, William, St. Andrew 1508, St. David 50, Tot 1558

Walker and Brown, St. David 350

White, George, Vere 70

Woodstock, Barnard Andrew & John Hodges, St. Elizabeth 7676

Woulfe, Robert, St. James 340

Williams, Elizabeth, Westmoreland 197

Wilson, Godfrey, St. David 45

Wood, James, Hanover 100

West, Samuel, St. James 362

Woodstock, Barnard Andreas, Westmoreland 1200, St. Elizabeth 3635, Tot 4835

Watson, John, St. Elizabeth 494

Y

Young, Junia, St. Andrew 39

Young, Johanna, St. Andrew 11

Ydana, Isaac estate of, St. Catherine 185

Yules, Thomas, Westmoreland 377

Young, James, St. Andrew 285

Ydana, Abraham, St. Thomas in the Vale 280

Yeamans, Edward, St. Andrew 804, St. Thomas in the East 356, Tot 1160


© 2013. Jamaican Family Search hereby grants you a limited license to copy and use the materials provided on this site solely for your personal, non-commercial use. No other use of the site or materials is authorized. You agree that any copy of the materials (or any portion of the materials) that you make shall retain all copyright and other proprietary notices contained therein. Posting of materials on other Web Sites is strictly prohibited.


SEARCH THIS SITE

Search for


GO TO:

Home

Plan of this website

Help - Frequently Asked Questions

Jamaica Almanacs Slave-owners, Civil & Military officers, Magistrates etc.

Items in the Samples Directory

Items in the Members Directory

Transcriptions from Registers and Wills (Church of England, Dissenters, Civil Registration)

Jamaican Roman Catholic Church Registers - transcriptions

Jamaican Methodist Baptisms - transcriptions

Jewish births marriages deaths - transcriptions

Slaves and slavery in Jamaica

Photographs, maps, prints, etc.